The incidence of testicular cancer is increasing globally, although a decline in mortality rates has been reported in western countries. Testicular cancer forms in the cells of the testicles. Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. The following are treatment options for the stages of seminoma testicular cancer. Testicular cancer early detection, diagnosis, and staging. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. The staging of testis cancer refers to how far the cancer has spread. Seminomas and nonseminomas are arguably the two most frequently encountered varieties of neoplastic lesions in the male gonads. Seminoma represents the most common solid tumour in young men with the highest rates reported in europe, scandinavia and north america. For radiation therapy, 30 gy is administered to the paraaortic and ipsilateral iliac lymph. Treatment for testicular cancer is based mainly on the type and stage of the cancer. Seminomatous tumors are the germ cell tumors composed of cells that resemble.
Patients with stage i seminoma have a primary cancer that is limited to the testes and is curable in more than 95% of individuals. Radiation therapy may be recommended after surgery to remove your testicle. Tests for testicular cancer testicular cancer is usually found as a result of symptoms that a person is having. Test5 postchemotherapy, for no residual mass or residual mass. These patients receive adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. However, two main types of tumors account for most testicular cancers. Causes of testicular tumor seminoma in dogs the origins of any type of cancer are ambiguous but there are some circumstances that may increase the likelihood of testicular cancers to develop in. Testicular tumors can be categorized into different subgroups based on their characteristic morphological features. How is seminoma stage iia testicular cancer treated. Treatment options for testicular cancer, by type and stage. May 20, 20 seminoma is the most common type of pure germ cell tumor gct of the testicles and accounts for around half of all cases of testicular cancer. It is, however, the most common cancer in young men in western populations. Testicular seminoma genetic and rare diseases information.
The two main types are sertoli cell tumours and leydig cell tumours. Cryptorchidism is a risk factor for the development of testicular seminomatous germ cell tumors. For patients with clinical stage i seminoma choosing surveillance, clinicians should obtain a history and physical examination and perform crosssectional imaging of the abdomen with or without the pelvis, every 46 months for the first 2 years, and then every 612 months in years 35. Radiation is also sometimes used to treat testicular cancer both seminoma. If a testicular tumor has both seminoma and non seminoma cells, it is treated as a non seminoma. Patients with stage iii seminoma have spread of cancer outside the testes and retroperitoneal lymph nodes and are curable in more than 90% of cases. Testicular cancer pure seminoma test2 stage iic, iii stage is stage ia, ib stage iia, iib pure seminomac pure seminoma histology and afp negative. Staging is determined with information from the orchiectomy, tumor markers and imaging studies. Drug dose modifications and schedule and initiation of supportive care interventions are often necessary because of expected toxicities and. The risk of testis cancer is 1040 times higher in patients with a history of cryptorchidism. The testicles are 2 eggshaped glands located inside the scrotum a sac of loose skin that lies directly below the penis. It accounts for about 20% of cancers in men aged 2039 years and between 1% and 2% of cancers in men of all ages the majority of tumours are derived from germ cells seminoma and non seminoma germ cell testicular cancer. Feb 15, 2018 testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor among males 15 to 34 years of age, with an estimated 8,850 new cases and 410 deaths during 2017 in the united states. Testicular cancer happens more often in men who were born with a condition called cryptorchidism.
Testicular seminoma is the most common malignant tumor of the testis. Staging of testicular cancer involves degree of spread within the scrotum and surrounding tissues, absence or presence and extent of retroperitoneal. Difference between seminoma and nonseminoma compare the. Early in a pregnancy, the testes form in the male babys lower belly. Drug dose modifications and schedule and initiation of supportive care interventions are often necessary because of. Cleveland clinic testicular cancer specialists tailor treatment to their patients needs. Treating testicular cancer american cancer society.
Jones wg, fossa sd, mead gm, et al randomized trial of 30 versus 20 gy in the adjuvant treatment of stage i testicular seminoma. This is a slowgrowing form of testicular cancer found in men in their 40s and 50s. Diagnosis and treatment of early stage testicular cancer. Some early cancers may have signs and symptoms that.
These tumors generally occur between the teen years and early 40s. Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor among males 15 to 34 years of age, with an estimated 8,850 new cases and 410 deaths during 2017 in. It is a malignant neoplasm and is one of the most treatable and curable cancers, with a survival rate above 95% if discovered in early stages. A small number of testicular tumours start in cells that make up the supportive structural and hormoneproducing tissue of the testicles. In general, there are two types of testicular cancer. The study of testicular germ cell tumors gcts is a unique area of urologic oncology, as treatment algorithms have benefited from numerous randomized prospective clinical trials unlike prostate cancer and because metastatic disease is highly responsive to multimodal treatment unlike renal cell carcinoma.
Testicular cancer may involve one or both kinds of tumors. This clinical practice guideline for testicular seminoma and non seminoma features epidemiology of these rare malignancies in young men, the diagnosis, management of the primary tumour, postorchiectomy staging and risk assessment, treatment recommendations, late relapse, late. Testicular cancer comprises a number of different neoplasms, depending on the cell of origin and the typical age at presentation 1, 2. American cancer society, american society for colposcopy and cervical pathology, and american society for clinical pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Seminoma is the most common pure germ cell tumour, accounting for up to 3550% of cases, occurring in a slightly older patient group of 40 years. The cancer is in the testes, but it can spread to the lymph nodes. Testicular germ cell tumors gcts can consist of one histologic pattern or represent a mix of multiple histologic types. Although several cell types in the testis can undergo neoplastic transformation, germ cellderived tumors constitute the vast majority of cases of testicular neoplasms. Testicular cancer is divided into two large groups for treatment planning. Testicular cancer guide to testicular cancer treatment the prognosis for most men with testicular cancer is very good. This clinical practice guideline for testicular seminoma and non seminoma features epidemiology of these rare malignancies in young men, the diagnosis, management of the primary tumour, postorchiectomy staging and risk assessment, treatment recommendations, late relapse, late toxicity and followup. The incidence of testicular cancer varies with respect to race with the highest rate in caucasian populations. Knowing the type helps your doctor decide which treatment you need. Treatment is determined by the extent of disease, the type of testicular.
Treatment options can depend on the stage, the prognosis group based on the international germ cell cancer consensus group igcccg classification system and the treatments that were used to treat the original cancer if it comes back recurs. Testicular cancer nccn guidelines index testicular cancer toc discussion followup for seminoma testa followup for nonseminoma testb principles of radiotherapy for pure testicular seminoma testc risk classification for advanced disease testd primary chemotherapy regimens for germ cell tumors teste. As the testicles form and develop near the kidneys in a fetus, the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerves to the testicle. Testicular cancer early detection, diagnosis, and staging 1.
Men with stage i seminoma have an excellent prognosis following radical inguinal orchiectomy. Testicular cancer continued on next page updates in version 1. Their cause has not been fully elucidated but differences in incidences suggest that a combination of genetic and environment factors are involved, with environmental factors predominating early in life. The testicles are held within the scrotum by the spermatic cord, which also contains the vas deferens and vessels and nerves of the testicles. Seminoma can grow slowly and respond very well to radiation and chemotherapy. Testicular tumor seminoma in dogs symptoms, causes. Treatment of stage i seminoma, with one course of adjuvant carboplatin or surveillance, riskadapted recommendations implementing patient autonomy. The nccn guidelines panel for cervical cancer screening endorses the following guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Stage iii seminoma testicular cancer texas oncology. Solid swellings affecting the body of the testis have a high probability 50% of being due to cancer. Cc clinical ractice uielines in ncolog cc uielines. The doctor will feel the testicles for swelling or tenderness and for the size and location of any lumps. Symptoms may include a lump in the testicle, or swelling or pain in the scrotum. Some early cancers may have signs and symptoms that can be noticed, but thats not always the case.
Treatment may result in infertility risk factors include an undescended testis, family history of the disease, and previous history of testicular cancer. Intratubular seminoma may be adjacent to invasive seminoma 30% cases less frequent growth patterns include intertubular pattern may not form a mass, corded growth, microcystic, tubular, signet ring appearance. Testicular cancer happens when cells in the testicle grow to form a tumor. Risk factors for testicular cancer include undescended testis. Sep 05, 2019 the study of testicular germ cell tumors gcts is a unique area of urologic oncology, as treatment algorithms have benefited from numerous randomized prospective clinical trials unlike prostate cancer and because metastatic disease is highly responsive to multimodal treatment unlike renal cell carcinoma.
Testicular cancer, although rare, is the most common malignancy in men aged 2034 years. Lymph node involvement is either treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Results there was no statistically difference in survival rates of patients with seminomas and nonseminomas tumors. The primary treatment of stage i seminoma is surgical removal of the cancer by orchiectomy. If theres a high suspicion that the cancer might be a testicular choriocarcinoma, chemo may be started without a biopsy or surgery to remove the testicle. Cc clinical ractice uielines in ncolog cc uielines testicular. Among the different stages of germ cell tumors, pure seminomas tend to be treated one way, and nonseminomas and mixed germ cell tumors are treated another way. Testicular cancer diagnosis and treatment mayo clinic. Dec 10, 2017 key difference seminoma vs nonseminoma. Jun 01, 2014 etiology is unknown but tumors are thought to arise from an embryonic germ cell leading to testicular intraepithelial neoplasia the precursor to classical seminoma. Testicular cancer represents 5% of urological tumours affecting mostly younger males. Testicular germ cell tumours are at the crossroads of developmental and neoplastic processes. This is an update of the previous european association of urology testis cancer guidelines published in 2011, which included major changes in the diagnosis and treatment of germ cell tumours.
The following is a general overview of treatment for stage iii seminoma. Pdf more than half of painless solid swellings of the body of the testis are malignant, with a peak incidence in men aged 2535 years. Testicular cancer is a rare tumor type accounting for 1% of malignancies in men. The first posits that fetal gonocytes whose development into spermatogonia is blocked. Clinical trials nccn believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Jan 25, 2011 although testicular symptoms are common, testicular cancer is relatively rare. Read and know all about this type of cancer, including its possible causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options and more. Two models of testicular carcinoma in situ have been proposed. This document addresses germcell tumours and sex cordgonadal stromal tumours. Seminoma test3 stage ia, ib primary treatment for singleagent carboplatin, the category was changed from a 1 to a 2a. Seminoma causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and. The type of cancer depends on which type of cell it started in.
Radiation therapy is a treatment option thats sometimes used in people who have the seminoma type of testicular cancer. They are usually benign and are removed by surgery. Seminomas, in general, arent as aggressive as nonseminomas. The most common presenting symptom of cancer is a painless lump or swelling 85%. They also tend to grow and spread more quickly than seminomas. Guidelines for the diagnosis and staging of testicular cancer.
Most begin in the cells that make sperm and are known as germ cell tumours. A seminoma is a germ cell tumor of the testicle or, more rarely, the mediastinum or other extragonadal locations. If the cancer has spread to the brain, surgery if there are only 1 or 2 tumors in the brain, radiation therapy aimed at the brain. This guide provides an overview of the testicular cancer treatment options offered at cleveland clinic. Of the two subtypes of seminomas, the classical typical seminomas are more likely to occur in men between ages of 30 and 50. More than 90 percent of testicular cancers begin in the germ cells, which produce sperm. Causes of testicular tumor seminoma in dogs the origins of any type of cancer are ambiguous but there are some circumstances that may increase the likelihood of testicular cancers to develop in your male dog. Seminoma is the most common type of pure germ cell tumor gct of the testicles and accounts for around half of all cases of testicular cancer. Testicular cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of one or both testicles.
Spermatocytic seminomas are less common and are found more frequently in men 55 years and older. Nccn clinical practice guidelines in oncology nccn. Seminomas consist of one type of cancer cell whereas nonseminomas typically involve a mixture of cell types. In this article, we discuss testicular seminoma and its mimics with a focus on radiologicpathologic correlation. It can also be found when tests are done for another condition. Testicular cancer treatment regimens part 1 of 2 the selection, dosing, and administration of anticancer agents and the management of associated toxicities are complex. Seminoma tumors occur in all age groups, but if an older man develops testicular cancer, it is more likely to be seminoma. The most common type is germ cell tumors which are divided. The type of testicular cancer you have determines your treatment and your prognosis. Testicular cancer clinical summary guide testicular cancer is the second most common cancer in men aged 2039 years. Testicular cancer is broadly divided into seminoma and nonseminoma for treatment planning because seminomatous types of testicular cancer are more sensitive to radiation therapy and chemotherapy and are less prone to distant metastases. Testicular cancer is an important, but curable, medical problem for young men. Testicular seminoma originates in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. Side effects may include nausea and fatigue, as well as skin redness and irritation in your abdominal and groin areas.
1358 981 466 509 1476 540 645 1208 402 910 509 172 779 557 324 242 994 1263 601 1475 1394 633 1475 38 937 1040 1393 1426 1439 139 21 1352 1411 691 373 714 876 620 1241 107